Surnames in Clevenger's directory of farmers and breeders
758 surnames read from the text of the book, each with the PDF pages it appears on.
Clevenger's directory of farmers and breeders (1919): complete PDF, $9.99
A
- Abels 36
- Abernathy 24, 34, 76, 112, 136, 140, 144
- Abner 98
- Abraham 34, 82, 104, 144
- Addie 68, 70
- Addison 36
- Albert 42, 62, 66, 82, 86
- Alford 42, 70
- Allen 36, 40, 66, 74, 144, 164
- Alva 50, 76
- Alvey 36
- Andrews 66, 70, 76
- Anthony 36
- Apperson 148
- Archibald 68
- Ardery 36, 44, 58, 64, 80, 104, 112, 120, 128, 144
- Arthur 40, 54, 58, 64, 82, 92
- Asbury 94, 116
- Ash 68
- Austerman 60
B
- Bailey 36, 42, 120
- Baker 36, 64, 136
- Ball 70
- Balmain 36, 72, 112
- Balser 36, 40, 58, 120, 128, 144
- Banks 84
- Bannan 56
- Barber 42
- Barcus 36
- Barger 96
- Barker 62
- Barley 40
- Barman 40
- Barnard 24, 40, 52, 58, 62, 74, 144
- Barnhart 40, 52, 144
- Beal 82
- Beard 24, 40, 54, 56, 66, 88, 144
- Beauford 56
- Beck 40, 56, 98, 104, 112, 120, 136, 144
- Beckett 84
- Beckman 74
- Beeler 74, 80, 88
- Bell 40, 112, 120, 144
- Benham 44
- Bennett 40, 52
- Bennington 40, 80
- Bentley 62
- Bernice 72, 94
- Bertch 38, 54
- Bertha 36, 62, 72, 94
- Bertsch 38, 80
- Bessie 36, 40, 58, 72, 80, 82, 90, 96
- Betts 54
- Beulah 58, 64
- Bicknell 48
- Bisbee 42
- Bishop 34
- Bitner 42
- Bittinger 42
- Blackburn 58
- Blacker 42, 76, 144
- Blanchard 50
- Blattner 42
- Bolton 42, 94
- Bond 42, 138, 144
- Booth 44, 62, 144
- Bossert 26
- Boston 44, 52, 92, 158
- Bourne 36, 42, 104, 144
- Bowling 88
- Boyer 42
- Bradbury 60, 80
- Brahma 140
- Brandenburg 42, 58, 112, 120, 132, 136, 144
- Brandly 44, 144
- Brattain 44, 104, 138
- Brattin 42
- Breen 44, 50, 112, 144
- Bresler 44
- Brickey 56
- Brier 62
- Bright 98, 104, 144
- Briscoe 156
- Britton 44, 112, 120
- Brodus 84
- Brookbank 44, 50, 74, 92, 112, 132, 136, 144
- Browing 84
- Brown 32, 36, 44, 58, 72, 86, 90, 92, 102, 104, 112, 120, 132, 136, 138, 140, 144
- Brunner 40
- Bryson 44, 56, 104, 120, 132, 136, 140, 144
- Buckley 44, 56, 94, 144
- Budd 64, 116, 132
- Buick 144, 148, 154, 156, 158, 160
- Bull 164
- Burcham 44, 104, 112, 120, 138, 144, 164
- Burden 48
- Burdette 42
- Burgess 34
- Burke 44, 46, 58, 64, 86, 90, 104, 116, 136, 144
- Burkett 94
- Burnham 72
- Burns 74
- Burris 46, 86, 116, 120, 144
- Bush 24
- Bussen 66
- Butt 90, 102
- Byrd 88
C
- Cain 46, 48
- Caldwell 70
- Calvert 92
- Campbell 46, 56, 58, 70, 72, 100, 112, 116, 120, 136, 144
- Carl 36, 42, 46, 54, 64, 72, 80
- Carpenter 46
- Case 164
- Cassidy 48, 112, 116
- Cassius 76, 92
- Cecil 48, 72, 80, 100, 102
- Chalmers 144, 152, 158, 160
- Cham 98
- Chamberlain 48, 98, 116, 144
- Chambers 56
- Charles 34, 36, 40, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 76, 82, 84, 86, 88, 94, 96
- Cheek 48
- Chester 40, 76, 82, 86, 98
- Chowning 98
- Clarke 74, 82
- Clemens 48, 54, 144
- Clifford 36, 56
- Cline 48, 74
- Clinton 34, 40, 92
- Clover 64, 72, 100
- Codding 48
- Coe 44, 48, 144
- Coffman 48, 58, 64, 128, 138, 140
- Cole 48, 132
- Collier 48
- Collins 64, 68
- Connaway 48, 54, 92, 102, 146
- Connell 48, 62, 76, 78, 146, 154
- Conner 48, 86, 116
- Conway 50
- Cook 40, 48, 136
- Cooper 82
- Cor 92, 144, 152, 158, 160, 164
- Cora 48, 64, 72, 84
- Correy 40
- Corrington 44, 48, 50, 70, 76, 92
- Cotton 48, 50
- Coughlin 74
- Craft 24, 50, 146
- Crane 50, 116
- Crawford 50, 76, 136, 146
- Crawley 50
- Crews 50, 64, 82
- Crist 50, 52, 70, 80, 100, 104, 112, 116, 120, 136, 140, 146
- Crone 66
- Crothers 56, 58
- Culley 72
- Cunningham 50, 68, 116, 120, 132, 136, 146
D
- Dailey 52
- Danford 68, 104, 116, 124, 138, 164
- Daniel 80, 94
- Darr 98
- Darter 50, 74
- David 76, 82
- Davidson 48, 82
- Deal 52, 56, 60, 62, 78, 92, 146
- Decker 52
- Deere 38
- Dempsey 44
- Derting 42
- Dickey 50, 52, 146
- Dickinson 78
- Dietrich 44
- Doak 42
- Dodd 52, 76
- Doddridge 52, 104, 112, 116, 124, 136, 146, 164
- Dodge 144, 146, 148, 152, 154, 156, 158
- Donald 36, 70, 86
- Dort 144, 146, 148, 152, 154, 156, 158
- Dorton 76
- Dougal 34
- Douglass 36, 52, 146
- Douthit 94
- Dowler 74
- Dozier 86
- Druley 110
- Dubois 42, 52, 90, 116, 146
- Duggins 86
- Dun 54
- Durward 54
- Duvall 54, 146
- Dye 54, 100
E
- Ealy 54, 58
- Earhart 52, 56, 92
- Earl 50, 58, 74, 84, 92, 94, 96, 102
- Eaton 42, 54, 58, 88, 120, 124, 146
- Edgar 42, 70, 94
- Edmunds 86
- Effa 56
- Egan 44, 54
- Eikenberry 86
- Eliason 122
- Elmer 34, 40, 52, 64, 72, 82, 86
- Elsworth 84
- Emmert 54
- Emmet 136
- Endsley 54, 86, 132, 148, 164
- Essa 64
- Esteb 52
- Estel 90
- Eubanks 86
- Everett 48, 62, 64, 68, 82, 86, 102
- Everette 34, 72
- Eversole 54, 112
- Ewing 54, 96, 104, 134, 148
F
- Farlow 74
- Farry 88
- Feltman 40, 46, 66, 96
- Fern 36, 54
- Field 54, 72, 104, 116, 136
- Fields 40, 54, 56, 70, 102, 104, 112, 116, 124, 148
- Finch 50, 56, 148
- Finley 62, 104, 116, 138
- Fish 76
- Fisher 26, 56, 124, 132, 148
- Florence 36, 50, 56, 62, 90, 96
- Floyd 42, 88, 102
- Fogarty 10, 24
- Folkner 44
- Ford 58, 144, 146, 148, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160
- Forest 42, 94
- Forrest 58, 70, 72
- Fosdick 78, 110
- Francis 44, 54, 80, 82
- Frank 34, 42, 46, 48, 50, 56, 62, 68, 80, 82, 100
- Freda 36, 40, 64
- Friend 52
- Fry 170
- Funk 70
G
- Gabel 82
- Gainey 26, 52, 54, 84
- Gam 96
- Gard 64, 84
- Gardner 40, 54, 56, 88, 148
- Garner 52
- Garrison 84
- Gates 80
- Gavin 56, 116, 138, 148
- Geis 56, 74, 90, 104, 112, 116, 124, 132, 148
- Geise 56, 62, 148
- George 36, 40, 44, 48, 54, 56, 60, 62, 82, 86, 88, 120
- Gesell 52, 56, 116, 128, 148
- Gibbins 52
- Gibson 50, 76
- Gilbert 48, 58, 64, 82
- Gilmore 102
- Gire 74
- Gladys 44, 50, 62, 66, 82
- Glasgow 88
- Glass 50
- Glaub 64
- Gleason 44
- Goble 46, 56, 58, 60, 104, 112, 124, 148
- Goldie 44, 54, 70
- Goldsmith 66
- Goodrich 24
- Goodwin 58, 96, 100
- Gordan 42
- Gossman 74, 100
- Grace 36, 44, 50, 56, 64, 76, 88, 90, 94
- Gray 98
- Graydon 72
- Griffith 58
- Grimes 116
- Grimm 42
- Grimme 58, 148
- Grist 58
- Groce 58, 60, 124
- Gross 64, 76
- Grove 64, 70, 92, 132, 138
- Grover 70, 72, 100
- Grubbs 50
- Gusta 34
H
- Haag 40, 54, 58, 64, 100, 128, 148
- Hadley 36
- Hahn 46
- Hale 98
- Halstead 88
- Ham 80
- Haman 88
- Hamilton 50
- Hammerle 58, 104, 138
- Hammit 58
- Hammitt 116
- Hancock 100
- Hand 34, 36, 42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 60, 62, 64, 66, 70, 76, 78, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 98, 100
- Hansel 66
- Hansom 94
- Hanson 64, 82
- Hardy 50
- Harlan 58, 116, 132
- Harmeyer 58, 82, 148
- Harmon 58, 76
- Harold 40, 44, 48, 58, 68, 72, 90, 92, 100
- Haroun 156
- Harri 52, 54, 66, 70, 92, 94, 102
- Harry 40, 42, 44, 54, 58, 62, 72, 82, 86, 90, 96
- Hart 34, 50, 58, 64, 68, 94, 148
- Harvey 58, 62, 148
- Hauss 64, 66, 98
- Hawkins 60, 116, 124
- Haworth 60
- Hay 34
- Hayes 76
- Haynes 148, 154, 160
- Hazel 34, 44, 46, 58, 64, 66, 68, 72, 76, 94, 100
- Helms 60, 86, 148
- Helton 60
- Henderson 56
- Hendrickson 60, 116, 124
- Henry 48, 60, 96, 104, 132, 148
- Herbert 44, 56, 58, 60, 64, 68
- Hereford 104
- Herschel 44, 78
- Hesselbrock 42
- Hetrick 56, 62, 98, 148
- Hezekiah 48
- Highley 44, 58
- Hilbert 78
- Himelick 62, 104, 112
- Himes 98
- Hinds 86
- Hines 24
- Hiser 58
- Hodge 26, 54, 62
- Hoff 66
- Hollar 62
- Holler 62, 116, 124, 148
- Holliday 62
- Hollingsworth 62, 138
- Homestead 50, 102
- Hoppes 42, 48, 58, 62, 148
- Hoppins 50
- Horn 42, 104
- Houser 66
- Howard 40, 42, 58, 62, 74, 88, 112, 116, 148
- Howe 58
- Hubbell 44, 60, 62, 148
- Hubble 58, 74
- Huber 62, 164
- Hubert 42, 50
- Huddleston 40, 62
- Hudson 62, 104, 112, 124, 144, 148, 158
- Huff 92
- Humbert 98
- Hunt 62, 76, 98, 104, 116, 136, 148
- Hup 152, 154
- Hupp 144, 148, 156, 158
- Hurst 102
- Husted 26, 48, 64, 96, 98, 138, 140
- Huston 50, 84, 100
- Hutson 62, 74, 96
- Hyde 34, 64, 148
I
- Ida 62, 70, 92, 102
- Immel 92, 94
- Ina 54, 62
- Inda 40
- Ingersoll 26
J
- James 36, 42, 48, 54, 62, 74, 88, 90, 96
- Jerman 64, 116, 148
- Jinks 88
- Jobe 26, 64, 124, 138, 148
- John 32, 40, 42, 48, 54, 64, 66, 70, 72, 82, 84, 86, 90, 92, 102
- Johns 82, 88, 116, 148
- Johnston 64, 70, 104, 112, 116, 138, 148, 164
- Jones 48, 52, 64, 66, 96, 98, 128, 148
- Joseph 34, 36, 48, 52, 64, 88, 90, 98
- Josie 56, 62
K
- Kain 92
- Kamp 66, 104, 148
- Kaper 66, 124, 148
- Kauff 82
- Kauffman 54, 66, 74, 82, 148
- Keeler 66, 70, 104, 112, 148
- Keelor 66
- Keffer 86
- Kelsch 58
- Keltner 74
- Kendall 66, 116, 140, 148
- Kennedy 44, 52, 58, 64, 66, 72, 78, 88, 90, 94, 102
- Kerby 100
- Kimball 66, 116, 138, 148
- Kinder 80
- Kingery 90
- Kinney 70, 102
- Kirtz 66
- Kissel 96
- Kitchel 40, 42, 44, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 120, 124, 132, 136, 138, 148, 154, 156, 158
- Kitchell 94, 124
- Klien 116
- Kling 90
- Knecht 138
- Knott 46, 74
- Korn 88
- Kreitzer 66, 104, 116, 148
- Kreutzer 66, 138, 148
L
- Laflin 42
- LaFuze 24, 42, 46, 48, 50, 66, 68, 72, 92, 102, 104, 112, 116, 124, 132, 136, 138, 148, 152, 164
- Lair 40
- Lam 70
- Lamb 88
- Lambert 70, 116, 138, 152
- Lanning 66, 70
- Larkey 86
- Lashley 74
- Lass 44
- Lawrence 36, 48, 72, 74, 80
- Lawson 88
- Layson 62
- Laytart 98
- Leab 70, 82, 112, 116, 120, 124, 152
- Leech 44
- Leffler 70, 138, 152
- Lemmons 80
- Leo 72, 76, 78, 88
- Leroy 48, 60, 76
- Lester 82, 94
- Letner 86
- Leto 90
- Letta 50
- Liber 44, 54, 72, 80, 88, 90, 92, 94, 98, 100
- Lind 70
- Lindley 96
- Littner 84
- Lloyd 48, 56, 66, 78, 90
- LoDer 112
- Logan 70, 120
- Loge 70
- Logue 70, 124, 152
- Long 70, 72, 152
- Lonzo 86
- Loper 64, 72, 104
- Lorena 42, 76
- Loretta 56, 62
- Lota 66
- Louis 66, 92
- Lowell 54, 100
- Lowes 46
- Lulu 40, 42, 56, 66, 98
- Lunda 90
- Lunsford 72, 82, 102, 152
- Luse 42
- Lybrook 54, 58, 78
- Lynch 64, 72, 104, 120, 152
- Lyons 62
M
- Mabel 36, 48, 62, 68, 78, 82, 88, 94, 102
- Mabis 100
- Maddix 70, 96
- Magee 36
- Maher 58
- Maley 52, 74, 152
- Malone 74
- Manford 70, 88
- Mann 74
- Marian 50, 82, 90
- Mark 52, 82, 102
- Marmon 154
- Marsh 84
- Masters 74, 104, 112, 124, 138, 152
- McAdams 36, 60, 72, 102, 104, 136, 152
- McBride 96
- McCarty 72, 112, 116, 152
- McCashland 70, 72, 116, 132, 138, 152
- McClellan 62
- McCoy 44
- McCray 72, 98, 104, 134, 152
- McDill 36, 66, 72, 152
- McDivitt 44, 58
- McDonough 44
- McDougal 72, 104, 112, 120, 138, 152
- McGee 72
- McKay 102
- McKee 86
- McKelly 76
- McKillip 50, 72, 94
- McMahan 66, 72, 74, 82, 98, 104, 112, 116, 120, 132, 152, 164
- McQuiston 44, 88
- Medd 64
- Meisner 42, 54, 74
- Melvin 34, 74, 116
- Mercer 62
- Merle 72, 88
- Meyer 58
- Meyers 70
- Miley 90
- Milla 48
- Miller 26, 66, 76, 84, 90, 94, 104, 112, 116, 124, 128, 154
- Minton 88
- Mize 76, 82
- Mogul 164
- Moline 164
- Monta 100
- Montgomery 76
- Moore 50, 64, 76, 80, 98, 116, 136, 154
- Morical 100
- Morris 82, 94, 100
- Morrison 88
- Moscoe 74
- Moss 56, 76, 82, 154
- Mullin 72, 90, 94
- Murley 72
- Murriel 42
- Muterspaugh 36
- Myers 42, 78, 96, 136
- Myrtle 42, 88
N
- Nash 148
- Naylor 100
- Neff 64, 170
- Neil 138, 154
- Nevins 52
- Newkirk 44, 78, 94, 116, 132, 154
- Nickels 44, 52, 78, 112, 138, 154
- Norman 44, 72
- Norton 78
- Nutty 42
- Nye 26
O
- O'Neil 78
- Oakley 62
- Olds 146, 158
- Oler 76
- Olinger 100
- Omer 52, 62, 82
- Opal 54, 62, 70, 86, 100
- Ora 36, 48, 74, 92
- Oran 58
- Orie 36, 50
- Orion 172
- Orr 44, 78, 80, 90, 98, 102, 116, 124, 154
- Orris 50
- Orville 34, 46, 48, 84
- Osborn 80, 84, 138, 154
- Overland 144, 146, 148, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160
- Overman 94
P
- Paddock 70, 80, 84, 86, 104, 116, 128, 154
- Parker 80, 138
- Parks 44, 72, 74, 76, 80, 82, 86, 116, 132, 138, 154
- Parris 40, 84
- Partlow 48
- Parvin 66
- Passmore 90
- Pate 64
- Pau 90
- Paul 40, 44, 54, 56, 62, 72, 74, 76, 80, 82, 90
- Pauley 80, 132
- Paxton 94
- Pearl 42, 58, 62, 64, 72, 82
- Pebworth 80
- Pentecost 82, 90, 124, 132, 154
- Perry 46, 64, 68, 76, 88
- Petree 72
- Petry 86, 110
- Pheanis 74, 82, 154
- Phenis 82
- Phillips 74
- Phon 100
- Pierce 64, 82
- Pigman 86
- Plank 60
- Plankenhorn 60, 82, 124, 138, 154
- Plessinger 82, 120
- Plough 82
- Poe 44
- Poland 118, 120, 122, 124, 126
- Pollitt 82, 112, 140, 154
- Pope 82
- Post 84
- Potter 82, 138, 140
- Presley 48, 84
- Pritchard 70, 84, 86, 90, 156
- Pullen 84, 94, 98, 116, 132, 156, 172
- Pullman 156
Q
- Quick 40, 64, 76, 82, 84, 156
- Quigley 84, 140
R
- Ralph 48, 54, 64, 72, 78, 82, 88, 102
- Ramey 82, 90
- Ranck 82
- Ray 72, 78
- Raymond 48, 50, 56, 62, 82, 84, 86, 96, 100
- Redd 84, 104, 112, 116
- Reece 56
- Reeves 56, 86, 102
- Regal 158
- Reisert 56, 84, 116
- Renyer 52, 62, 86
- Reo 144, 146, 148, 152, 156, 160
- Retherford 86, 116, 124
- Reyer 66
- Richard 50, 76, 94
- Richards 72
- Richmond 8, 22, 36, 70, 74, 92, 100, 144, 152, 156
- Ridenour 48, 80, 86, 138, 156
- Ridge 82, 86, 156
- Rife 102
- Riggs 90
- Rigsby 36
- Rile 40, 86, 156
- Rinehart 86, 102, 156
- Roach 24
- Roberson 52
- Robert 40, 50, 56, 62, 68, 82, 94, 100
- Roberts 86, 156
- Robeson 86
- Robinson 36, 48, 64, 78, 86, 156
- Robison 96
- Rodenberg 86
- Rodenberger 94
- Rodenburg 44, 86, 112, 124, 138, 164
- Rolla 76
- Rollo 80
- Rome 56
- Rook 42
- Roscoe 62, 64, 74, 96
- Roseland 72
- Rosier 74, 86, 156
- Ross 40, 48, 62, 102
- Rothrock 52
- Roy 34, 42, 46, 84, 86, 94, 96, 100
- Ruby 42, 48, 56, 66, 74, 82, 84, 88, 90
- Rumbaugh 52
- Russell 36, 40, 48, 52, 76, 96, 100
- Ruth 58, 66, 76, 82, 88, 90, 98, 102
- Ryan 88, 112, 124, 138, 156
S
- Sacre 88, 116, 156
- Salyer 88
- Salyers 40
- Samuel 48, 54
- Saxon 154
- Scholl 46
- Schuman 56, 90
- Schuster 88, 104, 132, 156
- Scobey 46
- Seal 88, 112, 116, 120, 128, 156
- Seals 88
- Seel 40, 52, 62, 78, 90
- Seery 50
- Settles 82
- Shade 78
- Shadle 86
- Shafer 50
- Shanklin 24, 76
- Sharp 42, 46, 56
- Sheard 88
- Sheets 44, 82, 90, 100, 138, 156
- Sheperd 80
- Shields 90
- Shirkey 90
- Shirley 60, 90
- Shockey 90
- Short 104
- Simms 76
- Singleton 82
- Slone 90
- Smalley 70, 88, 90, 116, 158
- Smelser 60, 90
- Smith 26, 32, 36, 48, 50, 54, 60, 66, 74, 76, 88, 90, 92, 96, 98, 138, 154, 158, 164
- Snediker 76
- Snider 40, 62, 100
- Snoddy 76
- Snodgrass 48, 76
- Snowden 42, 92, 138, 158
- Snyder 58, 62, 92, 116, 120, 124, 138, 158, 164
- Soc 62
- Spears 92, 94, 138
- Spence 94
- Stallion 104
- Stapleton 94
- Stearns 94, 128
- Steele 72
- Stephens 34, 92, 94
- Stout 26, 56, 94, 116, 158, 164
- Stroup 96
- Stubbs 96
- Studebaker 144, 146, 148, 152, 156, 158
- Swain 64, 66
- Sweitzer 50, 56, 64, 70, 76, 86, 100
- Syers 102
- Sylvan 58
T
- Tague 24
- Tallman 96
- Tappan 96, 158, 164
- Tappin 68
- Templeton 24, 50, 70
- Thom 62
- Thomas 42, 72, 84, 96, 100
- Thompson 24, 96
- Thurston 98, 158
- Tipton 94
- Toler 58, 98, 158
- Tolliver 98
- Tucker 72
U
V
- Van Ausdal 62, 98
- Vanness 62, 98, 100
- Vansickel 98
- Vel 78
- Vera 70, 82, 84
- Vernon 42, 98, 102
- Vickery 82
- Villa 62
- Viola 94, 100
- Virgil 40, 82
- Vola 100
W
- Waddell 54
- Wainwright 88
- Waite 164
- Walden 98
- Walter 44, 70, 74, 82, 88, 96
- Watson 64, 90, 98
- Watterson 54, 98, 158
- Watts 84
- Weaver 66, 98, 104, 136, 158, 164
- Weed 42
- Weers 88, 100, 112, 128
- Welch 54
- Wheeler 78, 98, 100
- Whelan 36, 56, 74, 82, 90
- Whetsel 46
- White 24, 34, 48, 70, 72, 84, 100, 102, 112, 116, 120, 128, 138, 140, 158, 160
- Whiteman 34, 54, 58, 70, 100, 138, 160
- Whiteside 32
- Whitmore 46
- Whittington 56
- Wicker 76
- Widener 58
- Wilbur 34, 50, 62, 66, 82
- Wilcoxen 60
- Willard 40, 94
- William 48, 56, 62, 66, 68, 70, 80, 84, 88, 92, 96
- Willie 84, 86
- Wilson 102, 128, 160
- Witt 52, 64, 74, 102, 120, 128, 132, 136, 160
- Witter 24, 26, 36, 84, 100, 102, 112, 140, 160
- Wolfe 102
- Wolfel 72
- Wood 42, 44, 56, 66, 76, 122, 128
- Woods 44, 74, 80, 102, 160
- Woodson 66
- Wooley 102, 104, 112, 128, 138, 160
- Wray 24
- Wright 46, 88
- Wunder 34
- Wyrick 44
Y
Z